Meleagris Gallopavo Bird
Meleagris Gallopavo Bird
English Name:
Latin Name:
Protonym: Meleagris Gallopavo Syst.Nat.ed.10 p.156
Taxonomy: Galliformes / Phasianidae / Meleagris
Taxonomy Code: wiltur
Type Locality: North America = Mexico.
Author: Linnaeus
Publish Year: 1758
IUCN Status: Least Concern
DEFINITIONS
MELEAGRIS
(Meleagrididae; Ϯ Wild Turkey M. gallopavo) Gr. μελεαγρις meleagris, μελεαγριδος meleagridos guineafowl; "88. MELEAGRIS. Caput carunculis spongiosis tectum." (Linnaeus 1758); "Meleagris Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 156. Type, by tautonymy, Meleagris gallopavo Linné (Meleagris, prebinomial specific name in synonymy.)" (Peters 1934, II, 139). Linnaeus's Meleagris comprised three species (M. Gallopavo, M. cristata, M. Satyra). The names Turkey, Turkeycock and Turkeyhen were used for guineafowl from the 16th to the early 18th centuries because they were brought from Africa to Europe through the Ottoman or Turkish dominions. By this confusion Linnaeus used the generic term Meleagris for the American Wild Turkey, which was unknown to the ancients. When the guineafowl and turkey were subsequently distinguished as separate species Turkey was retained for the American bird.
Var. Meliagris, Melaeacris.
Synon. Agriocharis, Cochramus, Eumeleagris, Cynchramus, Gallopavo, Meleagrops, Parapavo, Pseudotaon.
● (syn. Numida Ϯ Tufted Guineafowl N. meleagris) "Gallus vertice corneo. . . .la Peintade" (Linnaeus 1756) (cf. specific name Phasianus meleagris Linnaeus, 1758); "48. POULE PEINTARDE, in 't Latyn Meleagris. By LINNÆUS een soort van Hoen. Gallus Syst. Nat. gesl. 68. Pientarde by PERR. Mem. des Anim. 134 is 'er eene zeer goede figuur yan" (Moehring 1758).
meleagris
L. meleagris, meleagridis guineafowl < Gr. μελεαγρις meleagris, μελεαγριδος meleagridos guineafowl (e.g. spotted and streaked).
● "O. Meleagris Wagl. ... In der Färbung ist dieses prachtvolle Zahnhuhn mit unserem europäischen Frankolin, aber noch mehr mit dem madagascarischen (Perd. madagasc. et P. perlata Lath.) verwandt, und bildet dadurch den Uebergang zu diesen Hühnern von den Zahnhühnern. — Hernandez beschreibt es nicht." (Wagler 1832) (syn. Cyrtonyx montezumae).
● "Magnitudo Galli ... Occiput et nucha plumis arriguis, linearibus, (ut in gallis castratis sunt) gryseo-albis" (Pallas 1811) (syn. Neophron percnopterus).
● "90. PHASIANUS. ... Meleagris. 2. P. vertice calloso, temporibus carunculatis. Gallina vertice corneo. Hasselqv. iter. 274. Gallus vertice corneo. Syst. nat. 28. Gallina guinea. Worm. mus. 297. Gallina africana. Marcgr. bras. 78. Gallus niger, maculis ovalibus & orbiculatis. Barr. av. 79.* Gallina guineensis. Worm. mus. 297. t. 297. Olear. mus. . t. 15. f. 3. Raj. av. 52. Alb. av. 2. p. 32. t. 35. Will. orn. 162. t. 26. Aldr. av. l. 14. c. 13. Habitat in Africa." (Linnaeus 1758) (Numida).
gallopavo
Late Med. L. gallopavo, gallopavonis Gessner’s 1555, name for the Wild Turkey, because its overall appearance is that of a fowl but in its size and bright tail it resembles a peacock < L. gallus cockerel; pavo, pavonis peacock; "88. MELEAGRIS. ... Gallopavo. 1. M. capite caruncula frontali, cristaque gulari, maris pectore barbato. Meleagris. Fn. svec. 164. Gallo-pavo sylvestris novæ angliæ. Raj. av. 51. Alb. av. 3. p. 33. t. 35. β. Gallopavo. Gesn. av. 482. Aldr. orn. l. 13. c. 4. Bell. av. 60. α. Jonst. av. 58. t. 24. Will. orn. 113. t. 27. Raj. av. 51. γ. Gallopavo cristatus. Alb. av. 2. p. 30. t. 33. Habitat in America septentrionali. Mas exæstuat inflato pectore, expansa cauda, sanguinea facie, relaxata frontis caruncula: iræ tenax; Sapida caro. Rectrices XVIII. Barba pectoris tertio anno excrescit." (Linnaeus 1758) (Meleagris).
Gallopavo
(Phasianidae; syn. Meleagris † Wild Turkey M. gallopavo) "LE DINDON. Gallo-pavo caruncula in fronte donatus . . .GALLO-PAVO" (Brisson 1760); based on "Gallo-pavo" and "Meleagris" of many earlier authors; "[Key] Crura ad tibiam usque plumosa, Pedes ambulatorii, Cute coriacea rugosa tecti, Alæ ad volatum aptæ, Rostrum conicum apice incurvum, Nares membrana cartilaginea convexa semitectæ, Palea unica gutturis - GALLOPAVO" (Brünnich 1772); "Gallopavo Brünnich, 1772, Zoologiae Fundamenta, p. 86. Type, by monotypy and tautonymy, Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758." (JAJ 2021).
SUBSPECIES
Wild Turkey (silvestris)
Latin Name: Meleagris gallopavo silvestris
silvestris
L. silvestris of the woods < silva woodland.
● ex “Dindon d’Amérique” of Bartram 1799 (subsp. Meleagris gallopavo).
Wild Turkey (osceola)
Latin Name: Meleagris gallopavo osceola
osceola
Osceola County, Florida, USA < Osceola (1804-1838) Creek/Seminole leader during the Second Seminole War.
Wild Turkey (intermedia)
Latin Name: Meleagris gallopavo intermedia
intermedea / intermedia / intermedianus / intermedium / intermedius
L. intermedius intermediate, that is between (cf. Late L. intermedium intervention, between two others; Med. L. intermedium interval). These epithets are common in ornithology, highlighting forms considered to have intermediate plumage, size, distribution, etc.; only a few are shown below.
• “Genus Ardea. ... A. intermedia. ... Habitat in insula Java. Simillima habitu ac colore Ardeae flavirostri, eadem dimidio fere minor.” (Wagler 1829) (Ardea).
• "73. Coracina papuensis papuensis Gm. ... The birds from the Snow Mts. are exactly intermediate between C. p. papuensis from N. W. New Guinea and C. p. meekiana from S. E. New Guinea; so I propose to call the race found on the south side of the Central Range. Coracina papuensis intermedia subsp. nov." (Rothschild 1931) (subsp. Coracina papuensis).
• "Ce tinamou présente, comme nous l'avons dit, des caractères de transition entre Calopezus elegans et Calopezus formosus. Cette nouvelle espèce, ou peut-être race intermédiaire, qui paraît localisée dans les régions montagneuses du Nord-ouest de la République Argentine, nous la distinguerons avec le nom de: Calopezus intermedius n. sp. ... Il est possible que Calopezus intermedius et Calopezus formosus représentent seulement des formes géographiques de Calopezus elegans" (Dabbene & Lillo 1913) ( subsp. Eudromia elegans).
• "Formicivora ... F. grisea ... Kommt in Brasilien, Cayenne und Guiana vor. ... F. rufatra ... Vaterland: Brasilien und Bolivien. ... F. intermedia. ... Vaterland: Columbien" (Cabanis 1847) (Formicivora).
• "Falco pondicerianus apud Horsfield is a race intermediate to Haliastur indus of India proper and H. leucosternum of Australia, having dark central streaks to the white portion of the plumage, but considerably less developed than (constantly) in the Indian bird.. ... Of very many examples of the Indian race examined or beheld close, I certainly have never seen one that had the dark streaks or lines so little developed as in the Javanese bird, or most assuredly I should have remarked it. To what extent the Indian and Australian races may thus grade into each other, in other intermediate localities, remains to be ascertained. ... Mr. Gurney informs me that he thinks the Javanese race should be distinguished by the name intermedius." (Blyth 1865) (subsp. Haliastur indus).
• "Then we have in Tenasserim, most abundant in the hills, but extending in the cold weather to the sea-board and the plains of Pegu, a race of melaschistus, which I will, for convenience sake, denominate VOLVOCIVORA INTERMEDIA. It is very close to melaschistus, and as such I originally identified it, but with 24 specimens before me I find that sex being ascertained no specimen of it can be mistaken for a specimen of the corresponding sex of melaschistus, but it is much the same size, and the old males are nearly as possible the same colour as the females of melaschistus. ... I am very doubtful whether this should be considered a subspecies or not, but it is a very distinguishable and perfectly constant race, and not one single specimen of true melaschistus has occurred to us throughout the region in which it is so abundant, and it may be best therefore to characterize it by a distinct name." (Hume 1877) (subsp. Lalage melaschistos).
• "5. SETOPHAGA INTERMEDIA, Nob. ... Espèce typique intermédiaire entre la S. vulnerata et la S. verticalis, Lafresn. Elle diffère de la première par un bec plus grand et plus large, par la gorge cendrée, par le coloris de la queue, par la couleur de l'abdomen; la S. verticalis, Lafr. est jaune d'œuf en dessous." (Hartlaub 1852) (subsp. Myioborus miniatus).
• "3. CRYPTOLOPHA INTERMEDIA La Touche, sp. n. Near C. tephrocephala (Anders.) and C. affinis (Hodgs.). Differs from the former in having a much shorter bill, and the secondary coverts distinctly tipped with pale yellow, forming a well-marked bar; from C. affinis it differs in having a ring of feathers round the eye, yellow." (La Touche 1898) (Phylloscopus).
• “728. — Pipreola viridis intermedia ... Forme intermédiaire entre la P. viridis de la Bolivie et la P. melanolæma de l’Ecuador, plus voisine de la dernière.” (Taczanowski 1884) (Pipreola).
• "Ploceus intermedius. Sehr nahe mit meinem Ploceus larvatus verwandte Art. Vorderkopf bis über den hintern Augenwinkel, Kehle, Oberhals und Ohrengegend schwarz, Hinterkopf und Nacken röthlich braungelb. Mitte der Brust orangengelb, Seiten des Halses und Unterkörpers citrongelb. Rücken gelbgrün, gegen den Schwanz hin citronengelb." (Rüppell 1845) (Ploceus).
• “This species is somewhat intermediate between Palaeornis schisticeps and P. cyanocephala in size and coloration, but is nearer P. schisticeps” (Rothschild 1895) (syn. Psittacula cyanocephala x Psittacula himalayana).
• "RHIPIDURA INTERMEDIA, sp. nov. ... Dr. Sharpe's description of Rhipidura rufifrons in the "Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum," vol. iv., p. 319 (1879), evidently applies to this species, for he describes the tail feathers as being "distinctly tipped with white." The type of Rhipidura rufifrons characterized by Dr. Latham, was obtained in New South Wales, and has the tips of the tail feathers pale brown, not white. In the latter respect Rhipidura intermedia agrees with R. torrida, described and figured (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 477, pl. xxviii.) by Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace, from the island of Ternate, but R. torrida differs from R. intermedia in having the ear-coverts and upper breast black." (North 1902) (subsp. Rhipidura rufifrons).
• "Sp. intermedia n. sp. ... Der [Sp.] hypoleuca im Schnabel und der ganzen Gestalt äusserst ähnlich, nur etwas kleiner, von dieser durch die nicht weisse, sondern graue Färbung der Kehle und Brust verschieden, mithin fast ganz so gefärbt wie Sp. plumbea, von welcher intermedia sich nur unterscheidet durch den grössern Schnabel und die kürzeren abgerundeteren, daher nicht so zugespitzten Flügel; auch sind Kehle und Brust etwas dunkler als in plumbea und fehlt das weisse Fleckchen an der Wurzel des Unterkiefers; der weisse Spiegel auf dem Flügel ist kleiner und versteckter" (Cabanis 1851) (Sporophila).
• "Thamnistes anabatinus intermedius subsp. nov. ... This form, based on but one specimen, is clearly an intermediate between T. æquatorialis of eastern Ecuador and southeastern Colombia, and the quite different T. anabatinus group of Panama to Mexico. Its crown and back closely agree in color with those of æquatorialis while the underparts are similar to those of T. a. coronatus; the tail and wings externally are intermediate but nearer to those of coronatus." (Chapman 1914) (subsp. Thamnistes anabatinus).
• "33. Thamnophilus intermedius, sp. nov. SP. CHAR.—Adult male: Similar to that of T. nigricristatus LAWR., but bill larger, and feathers of crest largely white in middle portion; adult female similar to that of T. doliatus, but with larger bill." (Ridgway 1888) (subsp. Thamnophilus doliatus).
• "ZOSTEROPS INTERMEDIA. ... Very near Z. flava, but a little larger, more yellow on the forehead and less on the upper tail-coverts, and the black subocular streak not extending so far forward ... Hab. Macassar and Lombock. Remark.—Mr. G. R. Gray attached the MS. name of intermedius to my Macassar specimen." (Wallace 1864) (subsp. Zosterops chloris).
Wild Turkey (merriami)
Latin Name: Meleagris gallopavo merriami
merriami
Dr Clinton Hart Merriam (1855-1942) US ornithologist, zoologist, ethnologist, co-founder of National Geographic Society 1888 (subsp. Cyrtonyx montezumae, subsp. Meleagris gallopavo, Teratornis).
Wild Turkey (mexicana)
Latin Name: Meleagris gallopavo mexicana
mexicana
Mexico (probably named after Mexihtli, another name for Huitzilopochtli the Aztec god of war).
● ex “Acatechichictli” of Ray 1713, “Ligurinus mexicanus” of Brisson 1760, “Acatéchili” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Mexican Siskin” of Latham 1783 (?syn. Carduelis tristis).
● ex “Bruant du Méxique” of d’Aubenton 1765-1781, pl. 386, fig. 1, and “Thérèse jaune” of de Buffon 1770-1786 (syn. Haemorhous mexicanus).
● ex “Yohoalcoachitlin” of Ray 1713, “Fulica mexicana” of Brisson 1760, and “Mexican Coot” of Latham 1785 (syn. Porphyrula martinica).
● Erroneous TL. New Spain (?= New Granada); ex “Avis Ani mexicana cauda longissima” of Seba 1734-1765, “Promerops mexicanus” of Brisson 1760, “Promérops à ailes bleues” of de Buffon 1770-1783, and “Mexican Promerops” of Latham 1782 (?syn. Ptilogonys caudatus).
● Erroneous TL. Upper California, Mexico (= Bahia, Brazil) (syn. Spinus yarrellii).
● Erroneous TL. Mexico (= Cayenne); ex “Touauhtototl” of Hernandez 1651, and Ray 1713, and “Tangara bleu de Cayenne” of Brisson 1760 (Tangara).
● "96. LOXIA. ... mexicana. 8. L. rubra, alis nigris. Avis mexicana rubra passeris species. Seb. mus. I. p. 101. t. 95. f. 1. Habitat in America australi." (Linnaeus 1758) (unident.; ?Thraupidae).
Wild Turkey (gallopavo)
Latin Name: Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo
gallopavo
Late Med. L. gallopavo, gallopavonis Gessner’s 1555, name for the Wild Turkey, because its overall appearance is that of a fowl but in its size and bright tail it resembles a peacock < L. gallus cockerel; pavo, pavonis peacock; "88. MELEAGRIS. ... Gallopavo. 1. M. capite caruncula frontali, cristaque gulari, maris pectore barbato. Meleagris. Fn. svec. 164. Gallo-pavo sylvestris novæ angliæ. Raj. av. 51. Alb. av. 3. p. 33. t. 35. β. Gallopavo. Gesn. av. 482. Aldr. orn. l. 13. c. 4. Bell. av. 60. α. Jonst. av. 58. t. 24. Will. orn. 113. t. 27. Raj. av. 51. γ. Gallopavo cristatus. Alb. av. 2. p. 30. t. 33. Habitat in America septentrionali. Mas exæstuat inflato pectore, expansa cauda, sanguinea facie, relaxata frontis caruncula: iræ tenax; Sapida caro. Rectrices XVIII. Barba pectoris tertio anno excrescit." (Linnaeus 1758) (Meleagris).
UPPERCASE: current genus
Uppercase first letter: generic synonym
● and ● See: generic homonyms
lowercase: species and subspecies
●: early names, variants, mispellings
‡: extinct
†: type species
Gr.: ancient Greek
L.: Latin
<: derived from
syn: synonym of
/: separates historical and modern geographic names
ex: based on
TL: type locality
OD: original diagnosis (genus) or original description (species)